Production and use of purpurins, chlorins and purpurin- and chlorin-containing compositions

ABSTRACT

Families of chlorins, families of purpurins and metal complexes thereof are disclosed. The purpurins and their metal complexes have the structures of FIGS. 1, 7, 14-18, 29-38, 44-48 and 54-58 of the attached drawings. The chlorins and their metal complexes have the formulas of FIGS. 2, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 39, 40, 42, 43 and 49-53 of the attached drawings. Solutions of the purpurins, of the foregoing and other chlorins and of the metal complexes which are physiologically acceptable for intravenous administration are also disclosed, as are emulsions or suspensions of the solutions. The solvent for the solutions can be a product of the reaction of ethylene oxide with castor oil. A method for detecting and treating tumors in human and animal patients is also disclosed. The method comprises administering one of the purpurins, chlorins or metal complexes to the patient. For detection, the patient is then illuminated with ultra violet light; for treatment, the patient is illuminated with visible light of a wavelength at which the purpurin, chlorin or complex administered shows an absorption peak. 
     Families of purpurins, chlorins and metal complexes which can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance or by an instrument that detects ionizing radiation are also disclosed. These compounds have the formula of one of FIGS. 1, 2, 7, 8, or 14-58 and a structure which is enriched in an atom that can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance, e.g., C-13 or N-15, or by an instrument that detects ionizing radiation, e.g., C-14.

Reference to Related Applications

This is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 874,097, filed June 13, 1986, now abandoned; it is also a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 842,125, filed Mar. 18, 1986, now abandoned, as a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 815,714, filed Jan. 2, 1986, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the production and use of a family of purpurins, a family of chlorins and metal complexes of the purpurins and chlorins, and to purpurin- and chlorin-containing compositions. The purpurins have a reduced pyrrole ring and an unsaturated isocyclic ring fused to a pyrrole ring; the unsaturated isocyclic ring of the purpurins corresponds with a saturated ring in the chlorins. The chlorins are useful as green dyes. The chlorins and the purpurins are useful in the detection and treatment of tumors; after they have been administered systemically, e.g., intravenously, they localize preferentially in a tumor. After they have been administered, and have localized in a tumor, their presence can be detected by illumination with ultra violet light, which causes them to fluoresce. The chlorins and purpurins of the invention can also be used to treat tumors; after they have been administered and have localized, irradiation with light of a wave length at which they show an absorbance peak causes a reaction which damages or destroys the tumor where they have localized. The purpurin- and chlorin-containing compositions are solutions thereof in an organic liquid that is physiologically acceptable for intravenous or topical administration and emulsions or suspensions of such solutions and water or saline or other solutions.

2. The Prior Art

Four purpurins having an unsaturated isocyclic ring fused to a reduced pyrrole ring are known to be reported in the prior art, a communication to the editor by Woodward et al., JACS, Vol. 82, pp. 3800 et seq., 1960, where they are disclosed as intermediates in the synthesis of chlorophyll, and journal articles by Witte et al., Angew, Chem. Internat. Edit./Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 361 et seq., 1975, and Arnold et al., Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions I, pp. 1660 et seq., 1979. No utility for purpurins is suggested by either Witte et al. or Arnold et al. In addition, European patent application EP142,732 (C. A. 103: 123271S) discloses certain chlorins of a different family and that they accumulate preferentially in cancer cells removed from hamsters that had been infected with pancreatic cancer.

Purpurins and chlorins are similar in structure to porphyrins. One porphyrin, called protoporphyrin IX, can be separated from blood. Hematoporphyrin can be produced from protoporphyrin IX; a chemical mixture derived from hematoporphyrin, called hematoporphyrin derivative, and often abbreviated "HpD", can be administered intravenously and used in the manner described above for the detection and treatment of tumors. The exact composition of HpD, however, is not known; in fact, it is a mixture of many different porphyrins and related compounds (see, for example, Porphyrin Photosensitization, edited by David Kassel and Thomas J. Dougherty, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1983 , pp.3-13). As a consequence, the chlorins and purpurins of the instant invention are preferred over HpD for this use because they are single, known compounds. In addition, the chlorins and purpurins have absorbance peaks at longer wavelengths and show greater absorbances, by comparison with HpD; the longer wavelength peaks are advantageous because light of the longer wavelengths is capable of greater penetration of tissue, while the greater absorbances are desirable because less light energy is required to cause a given degree of reaction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a structural formula for metal complexes of a family of purpurins in accordance with the instant invention; in these complexes, an unsaturated isocyclic ring is fused to a reduced pyrrole ring.

FIG. 2 is a structural formula for metal complexes of a family of chlorins in accordance with the instant invention; in these complexes, an isocyclic ring which corresponds with the unsaturated isocyclic ring of the purpurins of FIG. 1 is saturated.

FIG. 3 is a structural formula for a family of porphyrins which can be used to produce purpurins having the formula of FIG. 7.

FIG. 4 is a structural formula for pyrroles from which porphyrins having the structure of FIG. 3 can be produced.

FIG. 5 is a structural formula for dipyrromethanes which are intermediates for the production of porphyrins from pyrroles.

FIG. 6 is a structural formula for metal complexes of porphyrins having the formula of FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 is a structural formula for the family of purpurins having the structure of the complexes of FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a structural formula for the family of chlorins having the structure of the complexes of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 9-13 are structural formulas for five different carboxy purpurins, each of which can be used in the synthesis of different position isomers of purpurins having the structure of FIG. 7.

FIGS. 14-18, FIGS. 19-23, and FIGS. 24-28 are structural formulas for intermediates in the synthesis of purpurin position isomers having the formulas of FIGS. 29-33 from the carboxy purpurins having the formulas of FIGS. 9-13.

FIGS. 34-38 are structural formulas for purpurins according to the invention having two isocyclic rings fused to pyrrole rings.

FIGS. 39-43 are structural formulas for chlorins, some of which are according to the invention, which can be produced from purpurins having the formulas of FIGS. 29-33.

FIGS. 44-48 are structural formulas for metal complexes of purpurins having the formulas of FIGS. 29-33.

FIGS. 49-53 are structural formulas for metal complexes of chlorins having the formulas of FIGS. 39-43.

FIGS. 54-58 are structural formulas for metal complexes of purpurins having the formulas of FIGS. 34-38.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention, in one aspect, is a solution in an organic liquid ofa purpurin, of a purpurin metal complex, of a chlorin or of a chlorin metalcomplex. The purpurin has the structure of any of FIGS. 7, 14-18 or 29-38 of the attached drawings; the purpurin metal complex has the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 44-48 or 54-58, of the attached drawings; the chlorin has the structure of any of FIGS. 8, 19-28 or 39-43 of the attached drawings; and the chlorin metal complex has the structure of any of FIGS. 2 or 49-53, of the attached drawings. In the drawings, M represents a metal, for example, Ag, Al, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Ho, In, La, Lu, Mn, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sn, Tb, Tc-99m, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn or Zr,

each of R10 through R13 and R16 is hydrogen, and each of R1 through R9, R14and R15 is:

H or CHO,

an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,

an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms,

a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, andnot more than one is a double bond; R₃ is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the two R₃ groups can be the sameor different,

a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, andnot more than one is a double bond; A is a physiologically acceptable anion; and R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the three R₄ groups can be the same or different,

a group having the formula R₂ OH were R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon tocarbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is adouble bond,

an amino acid moiety which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a naturally occurring amino acid and a carboxyl function of the purpurin or chlorin,

CO₂ R', CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,

a monoclonal antibody moiety which is attached to the purpurin or chlorin moiety through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reactionbetween an amine function of a monoclonal antibody and a CO₂ R' CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R' group of the purpurin or chlorin, and wherein the moiety is of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to malignant tumors, or

in the purpurins and purpurin metal complexes of FIGS. 1, 7, 14-18, 29-38, 44-48 and 54-58 and in the chlorins and chlorin metal complexes of FIGS. 2, 8, 19-28, 39-43 and 49-53 R1 can be a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin, chlorin, or metal complex, and in the purpurins, chlorins and metal complexes of FIGS. 19-33 and of FIGS. 39-52, both R1 and R2 can be bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metalcomplex,

with the proviso that not more than one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is CHO, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂, group having theformula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A, an amino acid moiety or a monoclonal antibody moiety,

and wherein the solution is one which is physiologically acceptable and of a suitable concentration or dilutable to a suitable concentration for intravenous administration.

In another aspect, the invention is a chlorin or chlorin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 2, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28,39, 40, 42, 43 and 49-53 of the attached drawings where R1 through R16 and M have the meanings set forth above.

In yet another aspect, the invention is a method for detecting and treatingtumors which comprises administering an effective amount of a purpurin, chlorin or metal complex to a human or animal patient, and irradiating therelevant region of the patient with ultra violet or with visible light of awavelength at which the purpurin or chlorin has an absorbance peak. The purpurin or purpurin complex is one having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 7, 14-18, 29, 30, 32-38, 44-14 48, or 54-58, while the chlorin or chlorin complex is one having the structure of any of FIGS. 9, 20, 22, 23,24, 25, 27, 28, 39, 40, 42, 43, and 49-53 of the attached drawings, where R1 through R16 and M have the meanings set forth above.

In still another aspect, the invention is a purpurin, a chlorin or a metal complex which has a structure that is enriched in an atom that can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance. The atom can be, for example, N-15or C-13. The purpurin, chlorin or complex can have the formula of any of FIGS. 1, 2, 7, 8 or 14-58 where M and R1 through R16 have the meanings setforth above.

In yet another aspect the invention is a method for the treatment of non-malignant lesions, e.g., of the vagina or bladder, or such cutaneous lesions as are involved in psoriasis; the method involves the topical application of a chlorin, a purpurin or a complex, e.g., as a solution in DMSO or ethanol, and illumination of the area in question. The purpurin, chlorin or complex can have the formula of any of FIGS. 1, 2, 7, 8 or 14-58 where M and R1 through R16 have the meanings set forth above.

In still another aspect, the invention is a method for treating human or animal patients which involves administering a chlorin, purpurin or metal complex and then treating the affected region with X rays. There are indications that the chlorins and the like are X ray sensitizers which increase the therapeutic ratio of X rays.

In another aspect, the invention is a chlorin, a purpurin or a complex moiety coupled to a monoclonal antibody moiety. The moieties are formed when the antibody is reacted with the chlorin or the like, and, as a consequence, the two are coupled through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between the monoclonal antibody and the purpurin, chlorin or complex. The monoclonal antibody binds to a tumor, inthis way increasing the selectivity of the chlorin or the like coupled thereto. The purpurin, chlorin or complex can have the formula of any of FIGS. 1, 2, 7, 8, or 14-58 where M is a one of the foregoing metals, each of R10 through R13 and R16 is hydrogen, one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is a monoclonal antibody which is an amino acid moiety attached to the purpurin or chlorin moiety through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between the monoclonal antibody and the purpurin or chlorin, and each of the others of R1 through R10, R14 and R15 has the meaning indicated above.

In still another aspect the invention is a purpurin, a chlorin or a metal complex which has a structure that is enriched in a radioactive atom that can be detected by an instrument for measuring ionizing radiation. The atom can be, for example, C-14. The purpurin, chlorin or complex can have the formula of any of FIGS. 1, 2, 7, 8, or 14-58 where M and R1 through R16 have the meanings set forth above.

In a final aspect the invention is a purpurin or a purpurin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 7, 14-18 or 29-38 44-48 or 54-58 of the attached drawings, where M and R1 through R16 have the meanings setforth above, except that R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a new composition which is a solution in an organic liquid of a purpurin or a purpurin complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 7, 14-18, 29-38, 44-48 or 54-58 or of a chlorin or a chlorin complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 2, 8, 19-28, 39-43 or 49-53 of the attached drawings.

It is a further object to provide an aqueous emulsion of a solution in an organic liquid of a purpurin or purpurin complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 7, 14-18, 29-38, 44-48 or 54-58 or of a chlorin or chlorincomplex having the structure of any of FIGS. 2, 8, 19-28, 39-43 or 49-53 ofthe attached drawings.

It is another object to provide a family of purpurins or purpurin complexeshaving the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 7, 14-18, 29-38, 44-48 or 54-58 of the attached drawings.

It is still another object to provide a family of chlorins or chlorin complexes having the structure of any of FIGS. 2, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23-25, 27, 28, 39, 40, 42, 43, or 49-53 of the attached drawings.

It is a further object to provide a purpurin, a chlorin or a metal complex which has a structure that is enriched in an atom that can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a purpurin, chlorin or metal complex coupled to a monoclonal antibody.

It is a still further object to provide a method for the treatment of non-malignant lesions or of such cutaneous lesions as are involved in psoriasis by the topical application of a solution in DMSO or the like of one of the foregoing purpurins, chlorins or metal complexes, followed by illumination of the affected region.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method for detectingand treating tumors which comprises administering one of the foregoing purpurins or chlorins to a human or animal patient, followed by illumination of the region affected with ultraviolet, with visible light or with X rays, scanning of the region affected by nuclear magnetic resonance, or scanning of the region affected with an instrument that measures ionizing radiation.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a purpurin, a chlorin or a metal complex which has a structure that is enriched in an atom that can be detected by an instrument that measures ionizing radiation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Examples 1 through 3 and A through G hereof set forth the best mode presently contemplated by the inventors, insofar as this invention is directed to purpurins, chlorins, metal complexes and their production. Thein vivo test procedures describe the best mode insofar as this invention isdirected to solutions of the purpurins and chlorins in an organic liquid and to the production of such solutions, and the in vitro and in vivo testprocedures describe the best mode insofar as the invention is directed to the use of purpurins and chlorins for the detection and treatment of tumors.

In the examples, and elsewhere herein, the term "percent v/v" means percentby volume; the term "percent w/w" means percent by weight; the term "alkyl group" is used in its ordinary sense to mean a monovalent, saturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical; the term "alkylene group" is used in its ordinary sense to mean a monovalent, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has one carbon to carbon double bond and in which any other carbon to carbon bond is a single bond; all temperatures are in ° C.; and thefollowing abbreviations have the meanings indicated: mg=milligram or milligrams; g=gram or grams; kg=kilogram or kilograms; ml=milliliter or milliliters; cm=centimeter or centimeters; ε=molar absorptivity; and mw=milliwatts.

EXAMPLE 1

The production of a novel purpurin according to the invention (hereafter "Purpurin I") is described in this example. The synthesis involves the production of several pyrroles which are identified and assigned trivial names in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound   Structure (referring to attached drawings)                          ______________________________________                                         Pyrrole I  FIG. 4, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                         B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                D is CH.sub.3                                          Pyrrole II FIG. 4, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                         B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                D is CH.sub.2 OCOCH.sub.3                              Pyrrole III                                                                               FIG. 4, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                         B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is COCH.sub.3                                                                D is CH.sub.3                                          Pyrrole IV FIG. 4, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                         B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         D is CH.sub.3                                          Pyrrole V  FIG. 4, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                         B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         D is H                                                 Pyrrole VI FIG. 4, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                         B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         D is CH.sub.2 OCOCH.sub.3                              ______________________________________                                    

The synthesis also involves the production of several dipyrromethanes whichare identified and assigned trivial names in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound    Structure (referring to attached drawings)                         ______________________________________                                         Dipyrro-    FIG. 5, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                methane I                B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                E is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         F is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         G is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                Dipyrro-    FIG. 5, where                                                                               A is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                methane II               B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         E is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         F is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         G is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                Dipyrro-    FIG. 5, where                                                                               A is CHO                                              methane III              B is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         C is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         E is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         F is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                         G is CHO                                              ______________________________________                                    

The synthesis also involves the production of two porphyrins and six porphyrin complexes, all of which are identified and given trivial names in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound  Structure (referring to attached drawings)                           ______________________________________                                         Porphyrin I                                                                              FIG. 3, where                                                                              R and R10-R12 are hydrogen                                                     R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                         Porphyrin FIG. 6, where                                                                              R and R10-R12 are hydrogen                               Complex II            R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               M is Ni                                                  Porphyrin FIG. 6, where                                                                              R is CHO                                                 Complex III           R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R10-R12 are H                                                                  M is Ni                                                  Porphyrin FIG. 6, where                                                                              R, R11 and R12 are H                                     Complex IV            R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R10 is CHO                                                                     M is Ni                                                  Porphyrin FIG. 6, where                                                                              R, R10 and R12 are H                                     Complex V             R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R11 is CHO                                                                     M is Ni                                                  Porphyrin FIG. 6, where                                                                              R, R10 and R11 are hydrogen                              Complex VI            R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R12 is CHO                                                                     M is Ni                                                  Porphyrin FIG. 6, where                                                                              R, R10 and R12 are hydrogen                              Complex VII           R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R11 is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                     M is Ni                                                  Porphyrin VIII                                                                           FIG. 3, where                                                                              R, R10 and R12 are hydrogen                                                    R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R11 is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3               ______________________________________                                    

Purpurin I and other purpurins that were produced in the course of the synthesis thereof are identified and the other purpurins are assigned trivial names in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound  Structure (referring to attached drawings)                           ______________________________________                                         Purpurin I                                                                               FIG. 34:  R1-R5, R7 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                         R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R13 is H                                                                       R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          Purpurin II                                                                              FIG. 9:   R1-R5, R7 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                         R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin III                                                                             FIG. 13:  R1-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin IV                                                                              FIG. 14:  R1-R5, R7 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                         R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin V                                                                               FIG. 7:   R1-R5, R7 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                         R6 is (O═C)CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                      R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R10-R13 are hydrogen                                       ______________________________________                                    

Production of Pyrrole I

Pyrrole I is produced from a saturated aqueous solution containing one gramequivalent of sodium nitrite, a 5 percent w/w solution in glacial acetic acid containing one gram equivalent of benzyl propionylacetate, a suspension in glacial acetic acid of one gram equivalent of ethyl acetoacetate and four gram equivalents of zinc dust. The sodium nitrite solution is added dropwise, with stirring, to the benzyl propionylacetate solution at a rate sufficiently slow that the temperature of the solution that is formed does not exceed 20. After the resulting solution stands at room temperature of about 22 for thirty minutes, the zinc dust is added inincrements to the ethyl acetoacetate suspension at such a rate that the exothermic reaction which occurs heats the slurry to about 65; the foregoing solution is then added dropwise, with stirring, to the ethyl acetoacetate/zinc slurry. The reaction mixture is maintained at 65 during the addition and for an hour after completion of the addition of the sodium nitrite/benzyl propionylacetate solution; stirring is continued during the additional hour. The hot solution is then separated from the zinc by decantation. The Pyrrole I is precipitated by pouring the hot solution into ice water, and is recovered by filtration and air dried.

Production of Pyrrole II

Pyrrole II is produced from 6 g lead tetra-acetate and a solution of 4 g Pyrrole I in 2 ml acetic anhydride and 100 ml glacial acetic acid. The lead tetra-acetate is added to the Pyrrole I solution and dissolved by warming the resulting reaction mixture on a steam bath for about 10 minutes. The solution so formed is stirred at room temperature of about 22for 16 hours. Dropwise additions of ice are then made to precipitate the Pyrrole II, which is recovered from the reaction mixture by filtration andwashed with distilled water.

Production of Pyrrole III

Pyrrole III is produced from a saturated aqueous solution containing one gram equivalent of sodium nitrite, a 5 percent w/w solution in glacial acetic acid containing one gram equivalent of benzyl propionyl-acetate, a suspension in glacial acetic acid of one gram equivalent of 2,4-pentanedione and four gram equivalents of zinc dust. The sodium nitrite solution is added dropwise, with stirring, to the benzyl propionyl-acetate solution at a rate sufficiently slow that the temperature of the solution that is formed does not exceed 20. After the resulting solution stands at room temperature of about 22 for thirty minutes, the zinc dust is added in increments to the 2,4-pentanedione suspension at such a rate that the exothermic reaction which occurs heats the slurry to about 65; the foregoing solution is then added dropwise, with stirring, to the 2,4-pentanedione/zinc slurry. The reaction mixture is maintained at 65 during the addition and for an hour after completion of the addition of the sodium nitrite/benzyl propionyl-acetate solution; stirring is continued during the additional hour. The hot solution is thenseparated from the zinc by decantation. The Pyrrole III is precipitated by pouring the hot solution into ice water, and is recovered by filtration and air dried.

Production of Pyrrole IV

Pyrrole IV is produced from 1.1 gram equivalents of boron trifluoride etherate and a 5 percent w/w solution in glacial acetic acid containing one gram equivalent of Pyrrole III; the Pyrrole III solution also contains2 gram equivalents of sodium borohydride. The Pyrrole III solution is cooled with ice while the boron trifluoride etherate is added thereto dropwise, with stirring. After the addition is complete, the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature of about 22 and then to stand two hours at room temperature; stirring is continued throughout. Excess sodium borohydride is then destroyed by cautious additions of glacial acetic acid. The reaction mixture, a solution, is then poured intoice water; Pyrrole IV which precipitates is recovered by filtration and airdried.

Production of Pyrrole V

Pyrrole V is produced from a 5 percent w/w solution in dichloromethane containing 1 gram equivalent of Pyrrole IV and a 5 percent w/w solution indichloromethane containing 4 gm equivalents of sulfuryl chloride. The Pyrrole IV solution is diluted with about 10 percent v/v diethyl ether andthe sulfuryl chloride solution is added to the diluted Pyrrole IV solution.The reaction is conducted at room temperature with stirring, which is commenced before the sulfuryl chloride solution addition is started, and continued for about one hour after that addition is completed. Solvent is then removed from the reaction mixture, leaving a pale yellow oil. The oilis dissolved in a solution of water in acetone containing 20 percent v/v water and the solution is heated under reflux. The solution becomes acidicrapidly. After 20 minutes under reflux, enough sodium acetate to neutralizethe acid and a small excess is added to the solution; heating is continued until the acetone is vaporized and an oil separates from the aqueous phasewhich remains. Upon cooling of the reaction mixture to room temperature, the oil forms a crystallized solid ("Pyrrole VII": Pyrrole V, except that D is CO₂ H) which is suspended in a 5 percent w/w solution in glacialacetic acid and 4.8 percent w/w acetic anhydride containing 3 equivalents of anhydrous sodium acetate per equivalent of the Pyrrole VII. The resulting suspension is heated gently to 80 and stirred while a 5 percent w/w solution in glacial acetic acid containing 1 equivalent of iodine monochloride (based upon the Pyrrole VII) is added dropwise thereto. When the iodine monochloride addition is complete, the solution which has formed is cooled and mixed with an equal volume of water; hypophosphorous acid is added to remove excess iodine; and the solid which forms is recovered by filtration, washed with water, dried and suspended with 0.2 gplatinum oxide in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting suspension is hydrogenateduntil the uptake of hydrogen ceases. The solution of Pyrrole V in tetrahydrofuran which results is separated from the platinum oxide by filtration; the tetrahydrofuran is replaced under reduced pressure with methanol; and the Pyrrole V is recovered by filtration.

Production of Dipyrromethane I

Dipyrromethane I is produced from a 5 percent w/w solution in dichloromethane containing one g equivalent Pyrrole II, one g equivalent Pyrrole V and about 2 g Montmorillonite clay. The clay is added to the Pyrrole II solution, and the slurry which results is stirred for about 10 minutes. The clay is then separated by filtration and washed with dichloromethane; the wash is combined with the filtrate; evaporation of the dichloromethane leaves the Dipyrromethane I.

Production of Pyrrole VI

Pyrrole VI is produced from 6 g lead tetra-acetate and a solution of 1 g equivalent Pyrrole IV in 2 ml acetic anhydride and 100 ml glacial acetic acid. The lead tetra-acetate is added to the Pyrrole II solution, and the resulting reaction mixture is warmed on a steam bath to dissolve the lead tetra-acetate. The solution which is formed is stirred for 16 hours at room temperature of about 22, after which time the Pyrrole VI is precipitated by dropwise addition of ice water, separated from the liquid by filtration, washed with water and air dried.

Production of Dipyrromethane II

Dipyrromethane II is produced by dissolving Pyrrole VI in methanol containing about 0.05 percent w/w HCl to make a 5 percent w/w solution, and heating the solution under reflux for five hours. The reaction productis cooled to room temperature of about 22 and poured into ice water to precipitate the Dipyrromethane II, which is then recovered by filtration and air dried.

Production of Dipyrromethane III

Dipyrromethane III is produced from 2 g Dipyrromethane II, 50 ml absolute ethanol containing 0.05 percent w/w triethyl amine, 0.1 g charcoal coated with 5 percent w/w palladium, 3 ml trifluoroacetic acid and 1.0 g p-nitobenzoyl chloride dissolved in 1.0 g dry dimethyl formamide. The Dipyrromethane II is dissolved in the absolute ethanol and the palladium on charcoal is added to the resulting solution. The Dipyrromethane II is then hydrogenated in a sloping manifold hydrogenator in which a slight positive pressure of hydrogen is maintained until there is no longer an uptake of hydrogen. The palladium on charcoal is then separated from the reaction mixture by filtration, and the solvent is evaporated, leaving a solid white residue. The white residue is powdered finely and added, undernitrogen, to the trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 45; the reaction mixture is maintained at 45, with stirring, until the evolution of CO₂ subsides and for an additional 3 minutes, and is then poured into30 ml 56 percent w/w aqueous ammonium hydroxide to which 5 g crushed ice has been added. The aqueous mixture which results is extracted with dichloromethane, which is then evaporated; the red oil which remains afterevaporation of the dichloromethane is immediately dissolved in 3 ml dry dimethylformamide, and the solution which results is cooled to and maintained at 0, with stirring, while the solution of p-nitrobenzoyl chloride in dimethyl formamide is added dropwise, and for 30 minutes aftercompletion of the addition. An addition of 20 ml diethyl ether is made 15 minutes after completion of the addition of the dimethyl formamide solution, and, 15 minutes later, solids which have precipitated are separated from the liquid by filtration and added, with stirring, to 50 percent w/w aqueous ethanol containing about 3 g sodium carbonate, which has been heated to 70. After 15 minutes of stirring, Dipyrromethane III isseparated from the ethanol/water solution by filtration and air dried.

Production of Porphyrin I

Porphyrin I is produced from two solutions, one a 5 percent w/w solution indry tetrahydrofuran containing 0.05 percent w/w triethyl amine and 1 g equivalent Dipyrromethane I, and the second a 5 percent w/w solution in dichloromethane containing 5 percent v/v methanol, 0.05 percent w/w p-toluenesulfonic acid and 1 g equivalent of Dipyrromethane III, using 5 percent w/w, based on the weight of the Dipyrromethane I, 5 percent w/w palladium on charcoal as a hydrogenation catalyst. The palladium on charcoal is added to the Dipyrromethane I solution and hydrogenation is carried out in a sloping manifold hydrogenator in which a slight positive pressure of hydrogen is maintained until the uptake of hydrogen stops. Thepalladium on charcoal is then separated from the reaction mixture by filtration and washed with dilute ammonium hydroxide. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness in vacuo, and the product which remains is dissolvedin the ammonia washings; 12 percent w/w acetic acid is added to the resulting solution to adjust the pH to 4 and the temperature thereof is lowered to about 5 to cause precipitation of an intermediate diacid. The diacid is then dissolved in the second solution and the resulting reactionmixture is allowed to stand in the dark at room temperature of about 22° for 24 hours, after which time a methanolic solution containingabout 1 g zinc acetate dihydrate is added thereto. The solution is allowed to stand in the dark at room temperature for another 72 hours, after whichtime the solvent is removed by evaporation, and the solid which remains is dissolved in aqueous dioxane containing 3 equivalents KOH per equivalent of Porphyrin I. The resulting solution is refluxed for four hours, cooled,and diluted with distilled water; the Porphyrin I is extracted from the solution with dichloromethane; the dichloromethane is evaporated; and the residue is recrystallized from a 50 percent v/v solution of methanol in dichloromethane.

Production of Porphyrin Complex II

A 5 percent w/w solution in a mixed dichloromethane-methanol solvent containing 20 percent v/v methanol, 1 g equivalent of Porphyrin I and 2 g equivalents of nickel acetate is refluxed for 16 hours. The solvent is then evaporated until the Porphyrin Complex II precipitates; the product is recovered by filtration and air dried.

Production of Porphyrin Complexes III-VI

A mixture of the porphyrin complexes identified above is prepared from 1 g Porphyrin Complex II, 28 ml freshly distilled phosphorus oxychloride, 20 ml dry dimethyl formamide and 750 ml dry 1,2-dichloroethane. The dimethyl formamide is cooled on an ice bath, and the phosphorus oxychloride is added thereto dropwise. The solution which results is allowed to stand at room temperature of about 22° for 30 minutes, and is then warmed to50. The Porphyrin Complex II is dissolved in the 1,2-dichloroethane, and the resulting solution is added dropwise, with stirring, to the phosphorusoxychloride; the addition is made over a period of about 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is maintained at about 50, with stirring, for an additional 2 hours. The organic and the aqueous phases are then separated,and the aqueous phase is extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase and the dichloromethane extract are then combined, and evaporated to dryness. The solid which remains is recrystallized from a solvent composedof equal parts by volume of dichloromethane and methanol, yielding a mixture of Porphyrin Complex III, Porphyrin Complex IV, Porphyrin Complex V and Porphyrin Complex VI. The mixture of complexes is separated by silica gel chromatography, using dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v methanol as the eluant.

Production of Porphyrin Complex VII

A solution of 506 mg Porphyrin Complex V and 1.024 g. (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane in 50 ml xylene is heated under reflux for 18 hours. The solution is cooled; the xylene is removed in vacuo; and the solid which remains is dissolved in the minimum amount of dichloromethane and chromatographed on silica gel. A minor fraction of Porphyrin Complex V and a major red fraction are recovered. The solvent isremoved from the red fraction; the solid which remains is recrystallized from a solvent composed of equal parts by volume of dichloromethane and methanol, yielding Porphyrin Complex VII.

Production of Porphyrin VIII

A solution is prepared by dissolving 621 mg Porphyrin Complex VII in 10 ml concentrated (96.7 percent w/w) sulfuric acid; after the solution stands for 2 hours at room temperature of about 22°, an addition of 100 mldichloromethane is made thereto, followed by saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the sulfuric acid. The organic layer is collected, washed and dried; the solvent is then vaporized. The crude product which remains is recrystallized from a solvent composed of equal parts by volume of dichloromethane and methanol, yielding Porphyrin VIII.

Production of Purpurin II and Purpurin III

A solution of 100 mg Porphyrin VIII in 20 ml glacial acetic acid is heated under reflux in a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours. The solution is then cooled; the acetic acid is removed in vacuo; and the remaining product is dissolved in the minimum amount of dichloromethane and chromatographed on silica gel, yielding a major green fraction from which the solvent is removed. The solid which remains is recrystallized from 50 percent v/v dichloromethane and methanol, yielding a mixture of Purpurin II and Purpurin III which are separated by silica gel chromatography using dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v methanol as the elutant.

Production of Purpurin V

Purpurin V is produced from 59 mg Purpurin II, 25 mg N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, 100 mg zinc acetate, 25 mg sodium hydride and 87mg methyl t-butyl malonate. The Purpurin II is dissolved in 5 ml dichloromethane and refluxed for one hour with the N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole; the zinc acetate dissolved in 5 ml methanol is then added and the resulting reaction mixture is warmed gently for 5 minutes. After an addition of 25 ml dichloromethane, the solution which forms is washed three times with 50 ml portions of water, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated under vacuum; the solid residue which remains after evaporation of the solvents is maintained at an absolute pressure of0.1 mm Hg for 30 minutes, and is then dissolved in dichloromethane. The resulting solution is then added to a malonate anion solution prepared by adding the sodium hydride and the methyl t-butyl malonate to 10 ml tetrahydrofuran, and the reaction mixture is stirred for 40 minutes at room temperature of about 22° and added to 50 ml chloroform and 20 ml 1 normal hydrochloric acid. The organic phase is separated from the aqueous phase, washed twice with 50 ml portions of water, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated; the residue is stirred at room temperature of about 22° with 5 ml trifluoroacetic acid for 40 minutes and the resulting product is mixed with 100 ml water and 50 ml chloroform. The organic layer is separated from the aqueous layer, washed twice with 50 mlportions of water, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in the minimum amount of dichloromethane containing 5percent v/v acetone and purified by elutriation on alumina. Purpurin V is recovered by evaporating the solvents from the elutriate.

Production of Purpurin IV

Purpurin IV is prepared from 68 mg Purpurin V and 110 mg thallium trifluoroacetate. A solution of the Purpurin V in 20 ml dry dichloromethane and 20 ml dry tetrahydrofuran is treated with a solution of the thallium trifluoroacetate in 10 ml dry tetrahydrofuran. After 2 minutes, the solution which results is placed in sunlight for about 10 minutes until a sample examined spectrophotometrically shows the expected shift of the Soret absorption band. The solution is then treated briefly with SO₂ gas, stirred for about 1 minute with about 1/2 ml 37 percentw/w hydrochloric acid, diluted with 50 ml dichloromethane, and washed threetimes with 100 ml portions of water. The solvents are then removed by evaporation; the residue is dissolved in dichloromethane containing 5 percent v/v methanol; the solution is chromatographed on alumina; and the Purpurin V is crystallized from the solvent and recovered by filtration.

Production of Purpurin I

A solution of 60 mg sodium borohydride in 10 ml methanol is added dropwise to a solution of 200 mg Purpurin IV in 5 ml dichloromethane; the resultingsolution is stirred at room temperature of about 22° for 2 hours, and is poured into 100 ml water. The organic phase is separated from the aqueous phase; the solvent is removed from the organic phase; and the solvent is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 50 ml chloroform containing 25 percent v/v methanol; a 10 mg addition of p-toluene sulfonicacid is made; and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 6 hours. Water is then added to the reaction mixture; the organic layer is collected; and the solvent is removed by evaporation. The residue is dissolved in 5 ml dichloromethane containing 2 percent v/v methanol; the resulting solution is chromatographed on silica gel and Purpurin I is recovered by evaporating the solvent from the chromatographed solution.

Purpurin II and Purpurin III are both produced from Porphyrin VIII in one step of the procedure described above as Example 1; Purpurin V, Purpurin IV and Purpurin I are then produced from Purpurin II. It will be appreciated that Purpurin III can be substituted for Purpurin II to produce the following isomers of Purpurin I, Purpurin IV and Purpurin V:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound   Structure (referring to attached drawings)                          ______________________________________                                         Purpurin VI                                                                               FIG. 38:  R1-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R13 is H                                                                       R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                         Purpurin VII                                                                              FIG. 18:  R1-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          Purpurin VIII                                                                             FIG. 7:   R1-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R7 is (O═C)CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                      R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R10-R13 are hydrogen                                      ______________________________________                                    

Similarly, Porphyrin Complex III, Porphyrin Complex IV, Porphyrin Complex Vand Porphyrin Complex VI are all produced in one step of the procedure; Porphyrin Complex VII, Porphyrin VIII, Purpurin II and Purpurin III are then produced from Porphyrin Complex V. It will be appreciated that Porphyrin Complex IV can be substituted for Porphyrin Complex V to producethe following isomers of Porphyrin Complex VII, Porphyrin VIII, Purpurin I,Purpurin II, Purpurin IV and Purpurin V:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound  Structure (referring to attached drawings)                           ______________________________________                                         Porphyrin FIG. 6:   R, R11 and R12 are hydrogen                                Complex IX          R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R10 is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                     M is Ni                                                    Porphyrin X                                                                              FIG. 3:   R, R11 and R12 are hydrogen                                                    R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R10 is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                 Purpurin IX                                                                              FIG. 35:  R1-R3 and R5-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R13 is H                                                                       R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          Purpurin X                                                                               FIG. 10:  R1-R3 and R5-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin XI                                                                              FIG. 15:  R1-R3 and R5-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin XII                                                                             FIG. 7:   R1-R3 and R5-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R4 is (O═C)CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                      R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R10-R13 are hydrogen                                       ______________________________________                                    

Similarly, it will be appreciated that Porphyrin Complex VI can be substituted for Porphyrin Complex V to produce the following isomers of Porphyrin Complex VII, Porphyrin VIII and Purpurin II:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound  Structure (referring to attached drawings)                           ______________________________________                                         Porphyrin FIG. 6:    R, R10 and R11 are hydrogen                               Complex XI           R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R12 is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                     M is Ni                                                   Porphyrin XII                                                                            FIG. 3:    R, R10 and R11 are hydrogen                                                    R1 and R3-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R2 is CO.sub.2 H                                                               R12 is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                Purpurin XIII                                                                            FIG. 11:   R1-R7 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                    R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          Purpurin XIV                                                                             FIG. 12:   R1-R4 and R6-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          ______________________________________                                    

In a like manner, Purpurins XIII and XIV can be substituted for Purpurin IIto produce other isomers of Purpurin I:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound   Structure (referring to attached drawings)                          ______________________________________                                         Purpurin XV                                                                               FIG. 36: R1-R7 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                    R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R13 is H                                                                       R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          Purpurin XVI                                                                              FIG. 16: R1-R7 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                    R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin XVII                                                                             FIG. 7:  R1-R7 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                    R8 is (O═C)CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                      R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R10-R13 are hydrogen                                       Purpurin XVIII                                                                            FIG. 37: R1-R4 and R6-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R13 is H                                                                       R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          Purpurin XIX                                                                              FIG. 17: R1-R4 and R6-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin XX                                                                               FIG. 7:  R1-R4 and R6-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R5 is (O═C)CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                      R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                               R10-R13 are hydrogen                                       ______________________________________                                    

It will be appreciated that other purpurins having the structures of FIGS. 7, 9-18, 29-33 and 34-38 can be produced by the method of Example 1 from porphyrins having an appropriate structure, if available, or synthesized from dipyrromethanes having an appropriate structure, if available; further, the requisite dipyrromethanes can be synthesized by the method set forth from available pyrroles or from pyrroles synthesized as described. Purpurins so produced have the structure of one of the indicated figures of the drawings where each of R1 through R8 is H,

a primary or secondary alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,

an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms,

a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, andnot more than one is a double bond; R₃ is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the two R₃ groups can be the sameor different,

a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ ³⁰ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; and R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the three R₄ groups can be the same or different,

a group having the formula R₂ OH were R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon tocarbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is adouble bond, or

CO₂ R', CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R' where R'is H, or a primary or secondary alkyl group having from one to four carbon atoms. In the purpurins so produced, R9 and R15 are usually CO₂ CH₃ or CO₂ CH₂ CH₃, their identity being determined bythat of the precursor porphyrin (see steps of producing Porphyrin Complex VII, Porphyrin VIII, and Purpurins II and III in Example 1; the identity of the CO₂ CH₂ CH₃ groups in Purpurin II and in Purpurin III was determined by that of the -ethoxycarbonylvinyl moiety in PorphyrinVIII), and R10 through R14 are hydrogen.

Where any of R1 through R16 of any of the foregoing purpurins is CO₂ H, that moiety can be reacted with an amino acid moiety, which can be a monoclonal antibody, to form an amide. Example 2 is illustrative of such reactions:

EXAMPLE 2

A purpurin coupled to a monoclonal antibody is produced from 20 mg PurpurinII dissolved in 1.25 ml water and 0.8 ml N,N-dimethyl formamide, 20 mg 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide.HCl dissolved in 0.6 ml water and 15 mg monoclonal antibody dissolved in 5 ml distilled water. ThePurpurin II solution is added to the carbodiimide hydrochloride solution, and the combined solution is mixed with the monoclonal antibody solution. After 30 minutes, the reaction is quenched by adding 0.05 ml monoethanol amine, and the conjugated material, i.e., the amide of the monoclonal antibody and Purpurin II, is dialyzed exhaustively at 4° against 0.001N phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4.

The procedure of Example 2 can be used to couple other proteins, other amino acids, to Purpurin II and to other purpurins having a CO₂ H group.

It is known that some monoclonal antibodies, after they have been administered to a patient, for example intravenously, localize in tumor cells, specifically in malignant tumor cells. It is also known that some purpurins and some chlorins, after administration, localize in a similar manner and can then be detected with ultra violet light, which causes themto fluoresce, or illuminated with visible light of a wavelength at which they show an absorbance peak, which causes them to undergo a reaction which destroys the tumor in which they have localized; as is subsequently demonstrated in Examples 3-9 hereof, this is also true of several purpurins having the formula of FIG. 7 of the attached drawings and of several chlorins having the formula of FIG. 8. It will be appreciated, therefore, that a purpurin or chlorin with a monoclonal antibody which localizes in this way chemically attached thereto has an enhanced capability to localize and the same capability for detection and destruction of a tumor where it has localized, by comparison with the parent purpurin or chlorin.

EXAMPLE 3

The production of a purpurin (hereafter "Purpurin NT2") from nickel meso-formyl octaethyl porphyrin is described in this Example. The production of nickel meso-formyl octaethyl porphyrin is described in a journal article by R. Grigg et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans I, 1972, pp. 1789, 1798; it has the formula of FIG. 6 of the attached drawings where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R is CHO, R10 through R12 are hydrogen, andM is Ni. Two intermediates were produced in the Example 3 procedure, nickelmeso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaethylporphyrin, which has the formulaof FIG. 6 of the attached drawings where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R is CH═CHCO₂ CH₂ CH₃, R10 through R12 are hydrogen, and M is Ni, and meso(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaethyl porphyrin, which has the formula of FIG. 3 of the attached drawings where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R is CH═CHCO₂ CH₂ CH₃, and R10 through R12 are hydrogen. Purpurin NT2 has the formula of FIG. 7 of the attached drawings where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R9 is CO.sub. 2 CH₂ CH₃, and R10 through R13 are hydrogen.

Production of nickel meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaethyl porphyrin

A solution of 506 mg nickel meso-formyl octaethyl porphyrin and 1.024 g (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane in 50 ml xylene was heated underreflux for 18 hours. The solution was cooled; the xylene was removed in vacuo: and the solid which remained was dissolved in the minimum amount ofdichloromethane and chromatographed on silica. A minor fraction of nickel octaethyl porphyrin and a major red fraction were recovered. The solvent was removed from the red fraction; the solid which remained was recrystallized from a solvent composed of equal parts by volume of dichloromethane and methanol, yielding 455 mg small brown needles. The product was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance as nickel meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaethyl porphyrin; it showed visible spectrumabsorbance peaks at 405, 530 and 565 nanometers (94 180, 18 604, 27 790).

Production of Meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaetheyl porphyrin

A solution was prepared by dissolving 621 mg nickel meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaethyl porphyrin in 10 ml concentrated (96.7percent w/w) sulfuric acid; after the solution stood for 2 hours at room temperature of about 22°,an addition of 100 ml dichloromethane was made thereto, followed by saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the sulfuric acid. The organic layer was collected, washed and dried; the solvent was then vaporized. The crude product which remained was recrystallized from a solvent composed of equal parts by volume of dichloromethane and methanol, yielding 552 mg small reddish-brown crystalswhich were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance as meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)-octaethyl porphyrin. The production of this porphyrin is disclosed in a Journal article by Fuhrhop et al., Ann. Chem.,1976, pp. 1539-1559.

Production of Purpurin NT2

A solution of 100 mg meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaethyl porphyrin in 20 ml glacial acetic acid was heated under reflux in a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours. The solution was then cooled; the acetic acid was removed invacuo; and the remaining product was dissolved in the minimum amount of dichloromethane and chromatographed on silica, yielding a major green fraction from which the solvent was removed. The solid which remained was recrystallized from 50 percent v/v dichloromethane and methanol yielding 68 mg purple microcrystals which were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance as Purpurin NT2, and found to have visible spectrum absorbance peaks at 433, 453, 503, 530, 568, 648 and 695 nanometers (89 509, 89 509, 14 571, 12 143, 18 908, 10 582, 42 673).

EXAMPLE 4

Production of Zn Purpurin NT2

A solution was prepared by dissolving 20 mg Purpurin NT2 in a mixed solventcomposed of 15 ml dichloromethane and 5 ml methanol and 100 mg zinc acetatewas added to the solution; the mixture which resulted was refluxed for about 4 minutes until the electronic spectrum of the reaction mixture indicated that chelation was complete. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to 7 ml and allowed to cool to room temperature of about 22°. Product which precipitated was recovered by filtration, dissolved in a mixed solvent composed of 5 ml dichloromethane and 2 ml methanol, and recrystallized, yielding 18 mg Zn Purpurin NT2 in the form of microcrystals. The Zn Purpurin NT2, a metal complex, has the formula ofFIG. 1 of the attached drawings where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R9 is CO₂ CH₂ CH₃, R10 through R13 are hydrogen and M is Zn; the compound has visible spectrum absorbance peaks at 413, 435, 535, 578, 618 and 63 nanometers (195 270, 219 498, 14 052, 18 886, 28 588, 6 733).

EXAMPLE 5 Production of "Chlorin NT2H2"

A solution was prepared by dissolving 100 mg Purpurin NT2 in mg tetrahydrofuran and adding 2 drops of triethylamine; with stirring, an addition of 20 mg palladium on charcoal was made and the mixture which resulted was hydrogenated at room temperature of about 22° for 5 hours in a sloping manifold hydrogenator in which a slight positive pressure of hydrogen was maintained. The palladium on charcoal that was used was composed of 10 percent w/w of palladium and 90 percent w/w of charcoal. The palladium on charcoal was filtered from the colorless reaction mixture, and the filtrate was stirred vigorously while exposed toair until the solution turned brown, about 21/2 hours. The solvent was thenremoved in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in the minimum dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v of methanol and chromatographed on silica. A major blue band was collected; the solvent was removed; and the crude product was dissolved in 5 ml dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v of methanol and recrystallized, yielding 72 mg brown microprisms which were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance as ChlorinNT2H2, a compound having the formula of FIG. 8 of the drawings where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R9 is CO₂ CH₂ CH₃, and R10 through R13 are hydrogen. Chlorin NT2H2 was found to have absorbance peaks in the visible spectrum at 403, 500, 535, 558, 610 and 660 nanometers (114 650, 23 532, 5 662, 4 246, 8 493, 39 455). The Chlorin NT2H2 zinc complex was prepared by the method described in Example 4; it was found to have absorbance peaks in the visible spectrum at 408, 515, 545, 590 and 633 nanometers (145 474, 9 858, 5 377, 15 832, 59 444).

The nickel complex of Chlorin NT2H2 was also prepared by the method described in Example 4, except that nickel acetate was substituted for thezinc acetate. The nickel complex of Chlorin NT2H2 was found to have absorbance peaks in the visible spectrum at 405, 498, 533, 588 and 630 nanometers (145 779, 11 034, 8 693, 19 392, 64 146).

The zinc and nickel complexes have the formula of FIG. 2 of the drawings where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R9 is CO₂ CH₂ CH₃ and R10 through R13 are hydrogen. M is Zn for the zinc complex and Ni for the nickel complex.

EXAMPLE 6 Production of Purpurin NT2 and Purpurin NT1

A solution of 100 mg meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)octaethyl porphyrin in 20 ml glacial acetic acid was heated under reflux in air for 24 hours. The solution was allowed to stand at room temperature of about 22°. until it cooled; the solvent was removed in vacuo: and the residue was dissolved in the minimum dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v of methanol and chromatographed on silica. First and second major green bandswere collected; the solvent was removed from the first band; and the crude product was dissolved in 4 ml dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v of methanol and recrystallized, yielding 40 mg "Purpurin NT1", a compound having the formula of FIG. 7 of the drawings where R1 is ═CHCH₃, R2 through R8 are ethyl, R9 is CO₂ CH₂ CH₃ and R10 through R13 are hydrogen. Purpurin NT1 was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance; it has absorbance peaks in the visible spectrum at wavelengths of 438, 510, 540, 583, 653 , and 715 nanometers (104 158, 9 450, 11 130, 15 540, 9 020, 42 629).

The solvent was also removed from the second green band, and the crude product was dissolved in 4 ml dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v of methanol and recrystallized, yielding 39 mg Purpurin NT2, which was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance.

Purpurin NT1 was hydrogenated by a procedure similar to that described above in Example 5, yielding, after work-up and chromatographic purification as there described, 65 mg Chlorin NT2H2.

The procedure described in Example 3 has been used to produce other purpurins. Typical ones of the starting materials used and the intermediates and purpurins produced are set forth tabularly in Examples 7, 8 and 9.

EXAMPLE 7

    ______________________________________                                         Compound                   Formula of                                          ______________________________________                                         Starting material, Nickel meso-formyletio                                                                 FIG. 6*                                             porphyrin I                                                                    First Intermediate, Nickel meso-(-ethoxycarbonyl-                                                         FIG. 6*                                             vinyl)-etio porphyrin I                                                        Second intermediate, Meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)-                                                         FIG. 3*                                             etio porphyrin I                                                               "Purpurin ET2"             FIG. 7*                                             ______________________________________                                         *Where: R1, R3, R5, and R7 are CH.sub.3, R2, R4, R6, and R8 are CH.sub.2        CH.sub.3. In the starting material, R is CHO and M is Ni. In the first         intermediate, R is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 and M is Ni. In th     second intermediate, R is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3. In Purpurin      ET2, R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 and R10 through R13 are hydrogen.  

The production of nickel meso-formyletio prophyrin I is disclosed in a Journal article by Johnson et al., J. Chem. Soc. (c) 1966, p. 794.

EXAMPLE 8

    ______________________________________                                         Compound                   Formula of                                          ______________________________________                                         Starting Material, Nickel meso-formyl copro-                                                              FIG. 6**                                            porphyrin I tetramethyl ester*                                                 First intermediate, Nickel meso-(-ethoxycarbonyl-                                                         FIG. 6**                                            vinyl)coproporphyrin I tetra-                                                  methyl ester                                                                   Second intermediate, Meso-(-ethoxycarbonylvinyl)-                                                         FIG. 3**                                            coproporphyrin I tetramethyl                                                   ester                                                                          "Purpurin JP1"             FIG. 7**                                            ______________________________________                                         *Produced as subsequently described herein.                                    **Where: R1, R3, R5, and R7 are CH.sub.3 and R2, R4, R6 and R8 are CH.sub.     CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3. In the starting material, R is CHO and M is Ni     In the first intermediate, R is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 and M       is Ni. In the second intermediate, R is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.2             CH.sub.3. In Purpurin JP1, R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 and R10            through R13 are hydrogen.                                                

The nickel meso-formyl coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester starting materialused in the procedure of Example F was produced from a commercially available material, coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester (formula of FIG. 3 of the attached drawings); nickel coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester was produced therefrom (formula of FIG. 6 where M is Zn). In both cases, R1, R3, R5 and R7 are CH₃ and R2, R4, R6 and R8 are CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ CH₃.

The Ni Coproporphyrin I Tetramethyl ester was prepared from a solution of 100 mg coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester in a mixed solvent composed of 50 ml dichloromethane and 5 ml methanol and 100 mg nickel acetate. A mixture which was prepared by adding the nickel acetate to the solution was refluxed for about 12 hours until the electronic spectrum of the reaction mixture indicated that chelation was complete. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to 7 ml and allowed to cool to room temperature of about 22°. Product which precipitated was recovered by filtration, dissolved in a mixed solvent composed of 5 ml dichloromethane and 2 ml methanol, and recrystallized, yielding 98 mg Ni coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester. The compound showed absorbance peaks in the visible spectrum at 392, and 552 nanometers; the relative intensities at these peaks were 20.19, 1 and 2.56, respectively.

The Nickel-meso-formyl coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester was prepared fromthe following materials: 2.8 ml freshly distilled phosphorus oxychloride, 2ml dry dimethyl formamide, a solution of 100 mg nickel-coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester in 75 ml dry 1,2-dichloroethane and 75 ml saturated aqueous sodium acetate. The dimethyl formamide was cooled on an ice bath, and the phosphorus oxychloride was added thereto dropwise. The solution which resulted was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes, and was then warmed to 50°. The nickel-coproporphyrin I tetramethylester solution was then added dropwise, with stirring, to the phosphorus oxychloride solution; the addition was made over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was maintained at about 50°, with stirring, for an additional 2 hours, during which time a change in color from red togreen was observed. The sodium acetate solution was then added to the reaction mixture, and stirring was continued for an additional 2 hours. The organic and the aqueous phases were then separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase and the dichloromethane extract were then combined, and evaporated to dryness. Thesolid which remained was recrystallized from a solvent composed of equal parts by volume of dichloromethane and methanol, yielding 86 mg red microcrystals which were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance as nickel-mesoformylcoproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester. Absorbance peaks werefound in the visible spectrum at 400, 420, 558 and 645 nanometers, with relative intensities of 10.10, 8.69, 1.02 and 1, respectively.

EXAMPLE 9

    ______________________________________                                         Compound                   Formula of                                          ______________________________________                                         Starting Material, Nickel meso-formyloctyaethyl-                                                          FIG. 6*                                             porphyrin                                                                      First intermediate, Nickel meso-(-methoxycarbonyl-                                                        FIG. 6*                                             vinyl)octaethylporphyrin                                                       Second intermediate, Meso-(-methoxycarbonylvinyl)-                                                        FIG. 3*                                             octaethylporphyrin                                                             "Purpurin GG2"             FIG. 7*                                             ______________________________________                                         *Where: R1 through R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3. In the starting material, R i     CHO and M is Ni. In the first intermediate, R is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.     and M is Ni. In the second intermediate, R is CH═CHCO.sub.2 CH.sub.3.       In Purpurin GG2, R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3 and R10 through R13 are hydrogen                                                                               

The procedure of Example 5 has been used to hydrogenate Purpurin ET2 and Purpurin JP1, producing Chlorin ET2H2 and Chlorin JP1H2, respectively, where the isocyclic ring (to which the R9 substitutent is attached) is saturated. The chlorins had the same substituents as the starting purpurins, but the structure of FIG. 8 instead of that of FIG. 7.

The procedure of Example 6 has been used to produce other zinc and nickel complexes. The purpurin and chlorin starting materials, the zinc or nickelcompound used, and the complexes produced are set forth below:

    ______________________________________                                         Starting Purpurin                                                                           Zinc or nickel                                                    or Chlorin   Compound    Complex Produced                                      ______________________________________                                         Purpurin ET2 Zinc acetate                                                                               Zn                                                    Purpurin ET2 Nickel acetate                                                                             Ni                                                    Purpurin GG2 Zinc acetate                                                                               Zn                                                    Purpurin GG2 Nickel acetate                                                                             Ni                                                    Chlorin ET2H2                                                                               Zinc acetate                                                                               Zn                                                    Chlorin ET2H2                                                                               Nickel acetate                                                                             Ni                                                    ______________________________________                                    

Additional peak absorbance data (visible spectrum, wavelengths in nanometers) is given below.

    ______________________________________                                         Compound       Wavelengths (relative intensities)                              ______________________________________                                         Purpurin ET2   406(16.69), 424(15.26), 502(1.36)                                              531(1), 566(1.5), 695(3.47)                                     Chlorin ET2H2  400(70.16), 498(5.53), 530(1.29),                                              555(1), 606(1.91), 662(20.82)                                   Zn Chlorin ET2H2                                                                              401(20.36), 530(1), 568(1.18),                                                 630(3.20)                                                       Purpurin ET2   434(16.44), 530(1), 576(1.31)                                                  612(1.77), 660(5.0)                                             Ni Purpurin ET2                                                                               434(5.14),657(1)                                                Ni Chlorin ET2H2                                                                              404(11.70), 497(1), 622(4.41)                                   Purpurin JP1   409(22.41), 504(1.67), 541(1.21)                                               567(1.08), 647(1), 691(3.79)                                    Chlorin JP1H2  401(14.53), 650(1)                                              Purpurin GG2   406(12.94), 427(19.18), 500(1), 526(1),                                        565(1.89), 637(0.76), 695(5.25)                                 Zn Purpurin GG2                                                                               436(8.33), 616(1), 661(3.43)                                    Ni Purpurin GG2                                                                               427(4.20), 648(1)                                               ______________________________________                                    

In vitro and in vivo testing of purpurins and chlorins produced as described in Examples 3 through 9 was also carried out. For the in vitro testing, the compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or in a solvent that is commercially available under the trade designation PROTOSOLV, and diluted with phosphate buffer saline to a concentration of 0.010 mg per ml. The tests were conducted on FANFT (N-[4-(5-nitro-2furyl)2-thiazolyl] formamide) induced rat bladder tumor cells. Two tests were conducted, uptake and toxicity.

The uptake test involved incubating the FANFT induced rat bladder tumor cells with a solution of a purpurin or with a solution of a chlorin at a concentration of 0.010 mg per ml for one hour, temperature 37°, followed by removal of the incubation media, three washes of the cells with phosphate buffered saline, and extracting and quantitating of the purpurin or chlorin retained by the cells. The procedure as used in investigating the use of HpD in rat tumor cells is described in detail in a journal article by Garbo et al., Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 151 (No. 1), pp. 70-81, 1985.

The toxicity test involved the incubation and washing steps of the uptake test, followed by illumination of the cells with red light of a wavelengthgreater than 590 nanometers. Cell survival was then determined by Trypan Blue exclusion, a technique described in a journal article by Schneck, R.,Arch. Path. (Lab. Med.) 35, p. 857, 1943.

The uptake test was positive for Purpurin NT2 and for Chlorin NT2H2. The results of the toxicity test are given in the following table, together with the results of toxicity testing of HpD, of phosphate buffer saline and of the solvent system in which the purpurin or chlorin was dissolved.

    ______________________________________                                         Test Solution    Average Viability                                             ______________________________________                                         Purpurin NT2     46                                                            Chlorin NT2H2    51                                                            HpD              42                                                            Phosphate buffer saline                                                                         93                                                            Mixed solvent    96                                                            ______________________________________                                    

The in vivo testing was conducted on male Fisher 344 rats weighing 135 to 150 g in whom the transplantable FANFT (N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide tumor system had been implanted. (Use of this system is reported by Selman, S. H., et al., Cancer Research, pp. 1924-1927, May, 1984.) Two tumors were implanted intothe subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall of each test animal; when thetesting was carried out, each tumor was about 1 cm in diameter.

The purpurins and chlorins tested were dissolved in a commercially available non-ionic solubilizer and emulsifier obtained by reacting ethylene oxide with castor oil in a ratio of 35 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil, diluting the resulting solution with 1,2-propanediol, and producing an emulsion with the resulting solution and0.9 percent w/w aqueous sodium chloride solution. The specific non-ionic solubilizer used is available from BASF under the designation CREMOPHOR EL; it is composed of fatty acid esters of polyglycols, glycerol polyglycols, polyethylene glycols and ethoxylated glycerol. The test solutions were prepared from 50 mg purpurin or chlorin, 1 or 2 ml warm solubilizer (enough to dissolve the test compound), enough 1,2-propanediolto make a solution of the purpurin or chlorin in a mixed diol/solubilizer solvent containing 32.9 percent w/w solubilizer; finally, enough 0.9 percent w/w aqueous sodium chloride was added to make 10 ml test solution so that the final concentration of the purpurin or chlorin in the test solution was 5 mg per ml. Each test solution was made, with mechanical shaking and stirring, by dissolving the purpurin or chlorin in the solubilizer, diluting the resulting solution with the indicated amount of 1,2-propanediol, and adding the sodium chloride solution to the diluted solution. A control solution was also prepared for use with each test solution. The control was identical with the test solution except that it contained no purpurin or chlorin. The test solutions were prepared in air,but it is believed that a nitrogen atmosphere would be advantageous becauseit would minimize the chance of a reaction with oxygen.

The testing involved injecting each rat with a solution of the purpurin or chlorin under test, dosage 4 mg purpurin or chlorin per kg of body weight or 10 mg purpurin or chlorin per kg of body weight or with the same volumeof the appropriate control, irradiating one of the two tumors with light for 30 minutes, sacrificing the animals, and examining the tumors. The injections were made via the dorsal tail vein. The irradiation of one of the tumors occurred twenty four hours after each rat was injected while the other of the two tumors was shielded by an opaque box.

Tumor temperature and body core temperature were monitored, using thermistors, one placed into the tumor and one placed intrarectally. Tumortemperature was kept within 2° of body core temperature by directinga jet of cool air over the tumor.

The light source was a slide projector that had a 500 watt bulb fitted witha red filter which is available from Corning Glass Works under the designation 2418. The light was reflected 90 by a silvered mirror, and wasfocused onto the tumor with a secondary condensing lens. The light intensity on the tumor was monitored, using a photometer/radiometer that is available from United Detector Technology under the designation "UDT #351", and was maintained at 200 mw per cm².

Six rats were injected with the purpurin or chlorin test solution and two were injected with the appropriate control solution.

Four hours after the irradiation, three of the rats that had been injected with the test solution and one of the rats that had been injected with thecontrol were sacrificed by an intracardiac injection of saturated aqueous potassium chloride solution. Twenty four hours after the irradiation, another three of the rats that had been injected with the test solution and the other rat that had been injected with the control were sacrificed in the same way. During the testing, the rats were under barbiturate anesthesia (65 mg per kg body weight).

The tumors were then excised, placed in 10 percent w/w phosphate-buffered formalin and cut into three sections perpendicular to their long axis. Thetumors were then embedded in paraffin and cut into sections five microns inwidth. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Histologic examination of the stained sections revealed approximately comparable areas of hemorrhage and tumor cell necrosis in specimens removed four hours after irradiation from animals that had been injected with Purpurin NT2, with Purpurin GG2, and with Purpurin ET2. However, tumor cells which appeared to be viable were observed. Only minor hemorrhage and tumor cell necrosis were observed in specimens removed fourhours after irradiation from animals that had been injected with Purpurin JP1 but much greater hemorrhage and necrosis were observed in specimens that had been injected with Purpurin ZnET2 and even more in specimens thathad been injected with Chlorin SnET2H2. Tumor necrosis was extensive in specimens removed twenty four hours after irradiation from animals that had been injected with Purpurin NT2, with Purpurin GG2, with Purpurin ET2,with Purpurin JP1 , with Purpurin ZnET2 and with Chlorin SnET2H2; no viabletumor cell was observed in specimens from animals that had been injected with Purpurin ZnET2 and Chlorin SnET2H2, while a few were observed in specimens from animals that had been injected with Purpurin NT2 and with Purpurin ET2, and more were observed in specimens from animals that had been injected with Purpurin GG2 and with Purpurin JP2. No change in the tumors was observed in the specimens that were removed from animals that had been injected with the control solution. Tumor necrosis was complete in specimens removed from animals that had been injected with purpurin NT1both four hours after irradiation and twenty four hours after irradiation. However, the irradiation was found to have caused extensive liver damage to some of the animals. The liver damage is believed to have occurred because there was residual Purpurin NT1 in the liver which was unintentionally irradiated. The in vivo testing, however, indicated that Purpurin NT1 is highly effective when properly used.

The in vivo test procedure described above has also been used to evaluate solutions in which the Purpurin NT2, Purpurin GG2, Purpurin NT1, Purpurin JP1 , Purpurin ET2, Purpurin ZnET2 and Chlorin SnET2H2 were replaced by Chlorin NT2H2 and by Chlorin ET2H2. Histologic examination of the stained sections from rats into which the Chlorin NT2H2 and ET2H2 solutions had been injected indicated that these chlorins were substantially equivalent in this test and were similar to Purpurin NT2, to Purpurin GG2 and to Purpurin ET2, the only difference observed being that hemorrhage within the tumors was less pronounced with the chlorins.

It will be appreciated from the results reported above in Example 6 that the cyclization step of Example 1 by which Purpurin II and Purpurin III are produced could be carried out in air, rather than in nitrogen, and that the reaction product would then be a mixture of Purpurin II, PurpurinIII, and the following purpurins:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound   Structure (referring to attached drawings)                          ______________________________________                                         Purpurin XXI                                                                              FIG. 9:  R1 is ═CHCH.sub.3                                                          R2-R5, R7 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                         R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           Purpurin XXII                                                                             FIG. 13  R1 is ═CHCH.sub.3                                                          R2-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R9 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           ______________________________________                                    

In fact, cyclization in air can be used to produce purpurins, and metal complexes can be produced from those purpurins by the method of Example 4,with or without the modifications thereof subsequently described herein, where the purpurins and complexes have the structures of FIGS. 10-12, of FIGS. 14-18, of FIGS. 29-33, of FIGS. 34-38, of FIGS. 44-48 and of FIGS. 54-58. In all cases, a mixture of products will be produced, some in whichR1 is saturated and some in which R1 is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex. Furthermore, after cleavage of the exocyclic ring of FIGS. 9-18, oxidation in air can be used, in the purpurins and complexes of FIGS. 29-33 and of FIGS. 44-48 to convert R2 toa bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex.In general, purpurins can be converted to the corresponding chlorins by thehydrogenation method described in Example 5; chlorins can be converted to the corresponding purpurins by oxidation; and chlorin metal complexes can be produced from chlorins by the method of Example 4, with or without the modifications thereof subsequently described herein. However, hydrogenation of Purpurin NT1 (where there was a double bond between the R1 substituent and a carbon of the purpurin), as described in Example 6, produced Chlorin NT2H2 (where both the double bond of the exocyclic ring and that of R1 were saturated). It will be appreciated that the R1 double bond forms in the Example 6 procedure because a hydroxyl group is introduced into the molecule and, at the temperature of reflux, the elements of water are eliminated to form the double bond. Elimination of the elements of water can be prevented in the Example 6 procedure, or, more generally, whenever R1 is to be bivalent, by cyclizing at a lower temperature; the resulting purpurin can then be hydrogenated to the corresponding chlorin and the double bond with R1 can be formed by heating.

The method of Example 4, supra, can be used to produce metal complexes of other purpurins and of various chlorins. Specifically, an equivalent amount of another purpurin or of a chlorin can be substituted for the Purpurin NT2, or copper acetate, nickel acetate, cobalt acetate, silver acetate, palladium acetate, or platinum acetate can be substituted for thezinc acetate, or both substitutions can be made. In this manner, purpurin metal complexes having the formulas of FIGS. 54-58 where M is one of the metals named above in this paragraph can be produced from purpurins havingthe formulas of FIGS. 34-38; chlorin metal complexes having the formulas ofFIGS. 49-53 where M has the same meaning can be produced from chlorins having the formulas of FIGS. 39-43; purpurin metal complexes having the formulas of FIGS. 44-48 where M has the indicated meaning can be produced from purpurins having the formulas of FIGS. 29-33; metal complexes of purpurins having the formulas of FIGS. 9-18 can be produced; metal complexes having the structure of FIG. 1 can be produced from purpurins having the structure of FIG. 7; and metal complexes having the structure of FIG. 2 can be produced from chlorins having the structure of FIG. 8. Other complexes can be produced by the method of Example 4 from salts containing cations other than acetate, and producing complexes which have the structures of the Figs. to which reference is made above in this paragraph, but where M does not represent merely a metal anion. Examples of salts that can be substituted for zinc acetate in the Example 4 procedure are given below, together with the identity of M in the foregoing Figs.:

    ______________________________________                                         Salt                Identity of M                                              ______________________________________                                         FeCl.sub.3          Fe(Cl)                                                     MnCl.sub.4          Mn(Cl)                                                     InCl.sub.3          In(Cl)                                                     VCl.sub.4 *         V(O)                                                       Tl(CF.sub.3 CO.sub.2).sub.3                                                                        Tl(OAc)(H.sub.2 O)                                         SnCl.sub.2          Sn(OH).sub.2                                               [Rh(CO).sub.2 Cl].sub.2                                                                            Rh(Cl)(H.sub.2 O)                                          ______________________________________                                         *Using phenol as the solvent instead of glacial acetic acid.              

The procedure of Example 4 can also be modified by substituting phenol for glacial acetic acid and metal chelates of pentane, 2,4-dione for zinc acetate to produce complexes of any of the foregoing purpurins and chlorins. Metals that can be so reacted (as pentane, 2,4-dione chelates) and the identity of M in the complex that is produced are set forth in thefollowing table:

    ______________________________________                                         Metal     Identity of M                                                                             Metal       Identity of M                                 ______________________________________                                         Al        Al(acac)*  Th          Th(acac).sub.2                                Sc        Sc(acac)   U           U(acac).sub.2                                 Ga        Ga(acac)   La          La(acac).sub.2                                In        In(acac)   Ce          Ce(acac)                                      Mo        Mo(acac)   Nd          Nd(acac)                                      Ti        Ti(acac).sub.2                                                                            Sm          Sm(acac)                                      Zr        Zr(acac).sub.2                                                                            Gd          Gd(acac)                                      Hf        Hf(acac).sub.2                                                                            Tb          Tb(acac)                                      Eu        Eu(acac)   Dy          Dy(acac)                                      Pr        Pr(acac)   Ho          Ho(acac)                                      Yb        Yb(acac)   Er          Er(acac)                                      Y         Y(acac)    Tm          Tm(acac)                                      Lu        Lu(acac)                                                             ______________________________________                                         *The pentane, 2,4dione portion of a chelate thereof with a metal.         

Complexes of any of the foregoing purpurins and chlorins can also be produced by the procedure of Example 4, substituting dimethylformamide forglacial acetic acid and CrCl₂ for zinc acetate. Metal complex formation occurs at higher temperatures when dimethylformamide is used, because of its higher boiling temperature. M in the complexes is Cr(OH).

Similarly, complexes of the foregoing purpurins and chlorins can be produced by the procedure of Example 4, substituting pyridine for glacial acetic acid and PbCl₂ for zinc acetate. M in the complexes is Pb.

The method of Example 4 and the modifications thereof described above can be used to produce purpurin complexes having the structures of FIGS. 44-48from purpurins having the structures of FIGS. 29-33; to produce chlorin complexes having the structures of FIGS. 49-53 from chlorins having the structures of FIGS. 39-43; to produce purpurin complexes having the structures of FIGS. 54-58 from purpurins having the structures of FIGS. 34-38; to produce purpurin complexes from purpurins having the structure of FIG. 7; and to produce chlorin complexes of FIG. 2 from chlorins havingthe structure of FIG. 8.

The following example illustrates the production of Chlorin I, a compound having the structure of FIG. 19 where R1-R5, R7 and R8 are CH₂ CH₃, Chlorin II, a compound having the structure of FIG. 24 where R1-R5, R7 and R8 are CH₂ CH₃ and R14 is CH₃, and Purpurin XXIII, a compound having the structure of FIG. 29 where R1-R5, R7 and R8 are CH₂ CH₃, R10 and R12 are H, R14 is CH₃ and R15 is CO₂ CH₂ CH₃.

EXAMPLE 10

Production of Chlorin I and Chlorin II

A 5 percent w/w solution of 100 mg Purpurin IV in dichloromethane containing 25 percent v/v methanol is caused to react by vigorous stirringin air while illuminated with visible light. The reaction is continued, with periodic monitoring by visible light spectroscopy, until the spectrumindicates that no Purpurin IV remains in the solvent. The dichloromethane/methanol solvent is then evaporated; a 4 ml portion of a 5percent w/w solution of sodium methoxide in methanol is mixed with the residue and refluxed for 2 hours; and the solution is cooled. A 5 ml portion of water is then mixed with the reaction product; an organic layerwhich forms is separated from the aqueous layer and treated in vacuo to remove solvent; and the crude product which remains is dissolved in about 3 ml dichloromethane containing 1 percent v/v methanol and chromatographedon silica gel. The CHO group of Chlorin I is then reduced to CH₃, for example by the method described above as Example 5, producing Chlorin II.

Production of Purpurin XXIII

A solution of 60 mg sodium borohydride in 10 ml methanol is added dropwise to a solution of 200 mg Chlorin II in 5 ml dichloromethane; the resulting solution is stirred at room temperature of about 22° for 2 hours, and is poured into 100 ml water. The organic phase is separated from the aqueous phase; the solvent is removed from the organic phase; and the solvent is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 50 ml chloroform containing 25 percent v/v methanol; a 10 mg addition of p-toluene sulfonicacid is made: and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 6 hours. Water is then added to the reaction mixture; the organic layer is collected; and the solvent is removed by evaporation. The residue is dissolved in 5 ml dichloromethane containing 2 percent v/v methanol; the resulting solution is chromatographed on silica gel; and Purpurin XXIII is recovered by evaporating the solvent from the chromatographed solution.

The procedure of Example 10 can also be used to produce other chlorins and other purpurins. For example, Purpurin XI can be substituted for Purpurin IV and Chlorin III, Chlorin IV and Purpurin XXIV can then be produced by the method of Example 10; these compounds are identified in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound   Structure (referring to attached drawings)                          ______________________________________                                         Chlorin III                                                                               FIG. 20: R1-R3 and R5-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                      Chlorin IV FIG. 25: R1-R3 and R5-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R14 is CH.sub.3                                            Purpurin XXIV                                                                             FIG. 30: R1-R3 and R5-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R10 and R11 are H                                                              R14 is CH.sub.3                                                                R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          ______________________________________                                    

Similarly, Purpurin XVI can be substituted for Purpurin IV and Chlorin V, Chlorin VI and Purpurin XXV can then be produced by the method of Example 10; these compounds are identified in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound   Structure (referring to attached drawings)                          ______________________________________                                         Chlorin V  FIG. 21:    R1-R7 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                             Chlorin VI FIG. 26:    R1-R7 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                    R14 is CH.sub.3                                         Purpurin XXV                                                                              FIG. 31:    R1-R7 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                    R11 and R12 are H                                                              R14 is CH.sub.3                                                                R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                       ______________________________________                                    

In a like manner, Purpurin XIX can be substituted for Purpurin IV and Chlorin VII, Chlorin VIII and Purpurin XXVI can then be produced by the method of Example 10; these compounds are identified in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound   Structure (referring to attached drawings)                          ______________________________________                                         Chlorin VII                                                                               FIG. 22: R1-R4 and R6-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                      Chlorin VIII                                                                              FIG. 27: R1-R4 and R6-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R14 is CH.sub.3                                            Purpurin XXVI                                                                             FIG. 32: R1-R4 and R6-R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                          R10 and R11 are H                                                              R14 is CH.sub.3                                                                R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                          ______________________________________                                    

Finally, Purpurin VII can be substituted for Purpurin IV and Chlorin IX, Chlorin X and Purpurin XXVII can then be produced by the method of Example10; these compounds are identified in the following table:

    ______________________________________                                         Compound    Structure (referring to attached drawings)                         ______________________________________                                         Chlorin IX  FIG. 23: R1-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                        Chlorin X   FIG. 28: R1-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R14 is CH.sub.3                                           Purpurin XXVII                                                                             FIG. 33: R1-R6 and R8 are CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                             R10 and R12 are H                                                              R14 is CH.sub.3                                                                R15 is CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                         ______________________________________                                    

It will be appreciated that the purpurins that can be produced by the methods of the foregoing examples, and the chlorins that can be produced from those purpurins by the hydrogenation method of Example 5, have seven substituents which are present in the porphyrin starting materials from which the purpurins are produced. These are seven of the eight R1-R8 substituents, all but R6 in the purpurins cf FIG. 34, all but R4 in the purpurins of FIG. 35, etc. The identities of these substituents depend on the identities of their pyrrole-, dipyrromethane-, and porphyrin precursors. At least as initially produced, each purpurin also has an R9 substituent, an R15 substituent, or both; as is explained above, the identities of these substituents are determined by the identities of theirporphyrin precursors. In addition, the purpurins of FIGS. 29-33 have the potential for substitution at R14, which is formyl when the purpurins are first produced, as described above, and can be reduced to methyl, as also described above, or to any other desired substituent by the reactions about to be described to which a formyl group introduced as R10, R11, R12,R13 or R16 can be subjected. Finally, each purpurin has additional sites for potential substitution, a plurality of R10, R11, R 12, R13 and R16 (see FIGS. 34-38) substitutions being possible, which ones depending on the position of an exocyclic ring to which R15 and R16 are attached; as the purpurins are produced, there is hydrogen in each of these positions. A formyl group can be introduced by reaction with the Vilsmier reagent as the lowest of R10, R11 and R12, as R13 and as R16 (in the compounds of FIGS. 34-38), or the unsaturated exocyclic ring or rings can be saturated by hydrogenation (see procedure of Example 5, supra) and the formyl group can then be introduced as the lowest of R10, R11 and R12. The formyl group, after separation of isomers, if necessary, can be reduced to CH₃, or can be reduced to CH₂ OH or converted to an oxime group,which can then be converted to a cyano group, which, in turn, can be converted to an amide. The formyl group can also be reacted with Wittig reagents to give alkyl, alkenyl or carboxy side chains or to introduce thepreviously identified substituents which have an amine or an alcoholic OH function as the lowest of RIO, R11 and R12, as R13 or as R16. After the desired group has been introduced as the lowest of R10, R11 and R12, as R13, as R16, or as some combination, the purpurin can be reacted in the same way to introduce a desired group as R11, if present. Finally, the chemistry can be used to introduce a desired group as R12, if present.

As has been indicated above, the instant invention, in one aspect, is a purpurin, a chlorin or a metal complex which has a structure that has beenenriched in an atom that can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance. Such purpurins are produced by repeating the procedure of Example 1, but producing Pyrrole I from a saturated aqueous solution containing one gram equivalent of sodium nitrite enriched in N-15, a 5 percent w/w solution inglacial acetic acid containing one gram equivalent of benzyl propionylacetate, a suspension in glacial acetic acid of one gram equivalent of ethyl acetoacetate and four gram equivalents of zinc dust, and producing Pyrrole III from a saturated aqueous solution containing onegram equivalent of sodium nitrite enriched in N-15, a 5 percent w/w solution in glacial acetic acid containing one gram equivalent of benzyl propionylacetate, a suspension in glacial acetic acid of one gram equivalent of 2,4-pentanedione and four gram equivalents of zinc dust. A 10 percent enrichment of the sodium nitrite in N-15 is adequate to producePurpurin I, Purpurin II, Purpurin III, Purpurin IV and Purpurin V enriched in N-15 to such an extent that, after they have been administered intravenously as described above, their location in the patient to whom they were administered can be monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance.

Purpurins that can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance are also produced by repeating Example 1, but producing Porphyrin Complex VII from a solution in 50 ml xylene of 506 mg Porphyrin Complex V and 1.024 g (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane in which the carbethoxymethylenemoiety is enriched in C-13. A 10 percent enrichment of the carbethoxymethylene moiety in C-13 is adequate to produce Purpurin I, Purpurin II, Purpurin III, Purpurin IV and Purpurin V enriched in C-13 to such an extent that, after they have been administered intravenously as described above, their location in the patient in whom they were administered can be monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance.

As has also been indicated above, the instant invention, in another aspect,is a purpurin, a chlorin or a metal complex which has a structure that has been enriched in an atom that is radioactive to such an extent that its presence can be detected by an instrument that measures the level of ionizing radiation. Such purpurins are produced by repeating the procedureof Example 1, but producing Porphyrin Complex VII from a solution in 50 ml xylene of 506 mg Porphyrin Complex V and 1.024 g (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane in which the carbethoxymethylenemoiety is enriched in C-14. A 10 percent enrichment of the carbethoxymethylene moiety in C-14 is adequate to produce Purpurin I, Purpurin II, Purpurin III, Purpurin IV and Purpurin V enriched in C-14 to such an extent that, after they have been administered intravenously as described above, their location in the patient to whom they were administered can be monitored by an instrument which measures the level ofionizing radiation. C-14 has an extremely long half life; it will be appreciated, therefore, that a purpurin, chlorin or complex that has a structure which is enriched in C-14 should not be administered to a human,but that such a compound can be administered to a laboratory animal and that monitoring its location in the body of the laboratory animal can thenprovide extremely valuable information which has application in the treatment of humans.

Purpurins, chlorins and complexes having structures which are enriched in an atom that emits ionizing radiation and which are suitable for administration to humans can also be produced. For example, any of the purpurins according to the invention where at least one of R10 through R14is hydrogen can be reacted in sunlight with elemental I-131 or with ¹³¹ ICl, and chlorins and complexes can be produced as described above from the iodinated purpurin which is produced. Further, purpurin andchlorin complexes can be produced as described above from a gallium or molybdenum chelate of pentane, 2,4-dione where the gallium is Ga-67, or the molybdenum is Mo-99. Mo-99 becomes Tc-99m, which, like Ga-67 and I-131, is physiologically acceptable for use as a tracer in human patients. Accordingly, such compounds containing I-131 and the Ga-67 and Tc-99m complexes are suitable for administration to humans.

It will be appreciated that Purpurins I through V produced as described above, and enriched in N-15, in C-13, in C-14, or in I-131 can be used as also described above to produce other purpurins which are so enriched and that the methods of the examples hereof can be varied as described above to produce purpurins having the structures of FIGS. 7, 9-18, 29-33 and 4-38 which are enriched in N-15, in C-13 or in C-14, and wherein each of R1 through R8 has the meaning set forth above. Similarly, the method described above can be used to produce purpurins that are so enriched where each of R9 through R16 has the meaning set forth above. Likewise, chlorins and purpurin metal complexes can be produced from those purpurinsas described above, and metal complexes can be produced from the chlorins as so described.

As is indicated above, there are indications that the purpurins, chlorins and metal complexes are X ray sensitizers which increase the therapeutic ratio of X rays. Accordingly, in one aspect, the instant invention involves administering, for example, as described above, a purpurin havingthe structure of one of FIGS. 7, 9-18 and 29-38, a corresponding chlorin ora chlorin or purpurin metal complex and, after the purpurin, chlorin or complex has localized, treating the affected region with X rays or other ionizing radiation.

As is also indicated above, the purpurins, chlorins and complexes can be administered topically, for example as dilute, e.g., 1 percent w/w solutions in DMSO or ethanol to non-malignant lesions, e.g., of the vaginaor bladder, or to such cutaneous lesions as are involved in psoriasis, followed by illumination of the area involved with light of a wavelength at which the purpurin, chlorin or complex has an absorbance peak. The purpurin or the like solution should be applied only to the lesions to prevent damage to healthy tissue adjacent the lesions. Illumination of thelesions, for example, for from 15 to 30 minutes then completes the treatment. It is to be understood, however, that purpurins, chlorins and complexes according to the invention can also be administered systemicallyin the treatment of non-malignant lesions.

The reaction of a monoclonal antibody with Purpurin II is described in Example 2. The monoclonal antibody, when it is one which localizes in tumors, can enhance the ability of the purpurin, or of a chlorin or complex produced therefrom, to localize in tumors, as discussed above. However, the monoclonal antibody can also be of a different type, for example one which localizes in a particular kind of lymphocyte, in a leukemia cell, in a lymphoma cell, or the like; a product of the reaction of Purpurin II or the like with such an antibody which localizes in a particular kind of lymphocyte can be used to modulate lymphocyte populations in the treatment of immune diseases, e.g., arthritis, or to re-establish a lymphocyte balance in transplant patients. Some of the blood is removed from the patient's body, and such a purpurin, chlorin or complex according to the invention, i.e., one where at least one of the substituents is a monoclonal antibody directed against the lymphocyte or lymphocytes present in excess, is mixed with the blood in a suitable amount; after the purpurin or the like localizes in the lymphocyte or lymphocytes present in excess, the blood is exposed to light of a wave length at which the purpurin or the like has an absorbance peak, destroying the lymphocyte or lymphocytes where localization had occurred. The blood is then returned to the patient's body. This technique can be carried out repeatedly as required to modulate lymphocyte populations in treating immune diseases and transplant patients who develop the lymphocyte imbalance that is associated with the rejection of a transplanted organ. Since the treatment is entirely outside the patient's body, there is no opportunity for the development of a natural resistance to the treatment which is characteristic of prior attempts to modulate lymphocyte populations. Purpurins or the like according to the invention where one of the substituents is an antibody against leukemia cells or against lymphoma cells can be used in a similar manner in the treatment ofleukemia and lymphoma.

It will be appreciated that purpurins and chlorins according to the invention where R10 through R13 and R16 are hydrogen are preferred, other factors being equal, because the production of the compounds with other groups in these positions is complicated, time consuming and expensive. R9and R15 in chlorins and purpurin and chlorin complexes according to the invention are preferably CO₂ R' where R' is a primary or secondary alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, other factors being equal, because these groups are present at the end of the ring closure reaction which produces the purpurins (see Examples 1 and 3); R9 and R15 in purpurins according to the invention are preferably CO₂ R' where R' is a primary or secondary alkyl group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, other factors being equal, and for the same reason. However, the esters ofthese R9 and R15 substituents can be reduced to formyl groups and reacted as discussed above to introduce any of the R1 to R8, R10 to R14 and R16 substituents.

The production of purpurin solutions in the specific non-ionic solubilizer that is available under the designation CREMOPHOR EL, and the production of emulsions of such solutions with 1,2-propanediol and saline solution isdescribed above, as is the use of such solutions to detect and treat tumors. It will be appreciated that purpurins, chlorins and their metal complexes can be dissolved in other non-ionic solubilizers and that the solutions can be used to produced emulsions that can be administrated intravenously. For example, other reaction products of ethylene oxide and castor oil can be so used, as can reaction products of ethylene, propyleneand other similar oxides with other fatty acids and the reaction products of propylene and other similar oxides with castor oil. Similarly, glycols other than 1,2-propanediol can be used in producing the emulsions for intravenous administration, or the glycol can be omitted, particularly if the solubilizer is prepared to have a lower viscosity and greater compatibility with water, by comparison with the solubilizer that is available under the designation CREMOPHOR EL. It is necessary only that the solution or emulsion be one which is physiologically acceptable and ofa suitable concentration, or dilutable to a suitable concentration, for intravenous administration. An indefinitely large number of such solutionsand emulsions will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art from the foregoing specific disclosure. Similarly, the aqueous phase need not be 0.9 percent w/w or any other concentration of sodium chloride. Such saline is presently favored for intravenous administration, but other aqueous phases can also be used, so long as the entire composition is physiologically acceptable for intravenous administration and, in fact, other aqueous phases may subsequently be favored.

Dosages of 4 and 10 mg per kg of body weight were used in the in vivo procedures described above. It has not been determined that 4 mg per kg isthe minimum dosage or that 10 mg per kg is the maximum Both dosages caused the biological consequences described above. It will be appreciated, therefore, that it is necessary only to use an effective amount of a purpurin or chlorin according to the invention in the detection and treatment of tumors, preferably as small a dosage as possible, and that the exact dosage can be determined by routine experimentation. Both systemic administration, specifically intravenous, and local administration, i.e., as a solution in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, havebeen described above; however, it will also be appreciated that other methods of administration will be suitable, at least in some instances.

Illumination of tumors containing a purpurin, a chlorin or a metal complex in accordance with the instant invention can be a surface illumination with a conventional light source, as described above, or can be a surface illumination with a laser. The illumination can also be into the body of atumor, for example through optical fibers inserted thereinto.

Various changes and modification can be made from the specific details of the invention as described above without departing from the spirit and scope thereof as defined in the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. A composition consisting essentially of a solution in a solvent of a chlorin, a chlorin metal complex, a purpurin or a purpurin metal complex, the purpurin having the structure of any of FIGS. 7 or 29-38 of the attached drawings, the purpurin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 44-48 or 54-58, of the attached drawings, the chlorin having the structure of any of FIGS. 8 or 38-43 of the attached drawings, and the chlorin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 2 or 49-53, of the attached drawings, wherein each of R10 through R13 and R16 is hydrogen, and each of R1 through R9, R14 and R16 is:H or CHO, an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; R₃ is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 2carbon atoms and the two R₃ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; is a physiologically acceptable anion; and R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the three R₄ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ OH were R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond, an amino acid moiety which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a naturally occurring amino acid and a carboxyl function of the purpurin or chlorin, CO₂ R', CH₂ CO₂ R₄₀ or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a monoclonal antibody moiety which is attached to the purpurin or chlorin moiety through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a monoclonal antibody and a CO₂ R' CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R' group of the purpurin or chlorin, and wherein the moiety is of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to malignant tumors, or in the purpurins and purpurin metal complexes of FIGS. 1, 7, 29-38, 44-48 and 54-58 and in the chlorins and chlorin metal complexes of FIGS. 2, 8, 39-43 and 49-53 R1 can be a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin, chlorin, or metal complex, and in the purpurins, chlorins and metal complexes of FIGS. 29-33 and of FIGS. 39-53, both R1 and R2 can be bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex, M comprises a metal cation that is complexed with two of the nitrogens of the purpurin or chlorin and is Ag, Al, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Ho, In, La, Lu, Mn, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sn, Tb, Tc-44m, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn or Zr, with the proviso that not more than one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is CHO, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A, an amino acid moiety or a monoclonal antibody moiety,and wherein the solution comprises an organic liquid, and is one which is physiologically acceptable and of a suitable concentration or dilutable to a suitable concentration for intravenous administration.
 2. An aqueous emulsion or suspension of a solution as claimed in claim 1 of a purpurin having the structure of one of FIGS. 7, and 29-38 of the attached drawings.
 3. An aqueous emulsion or suspension of a solution as claimed in claim 1 of a metal complex of a purpurin having the structure of one of FIGS. 1, 44-48 and 54-58 of the attached drawings.
 4. An aqueous emulsion or suspension of a solution as claimed in claim 1 of a chlorin having the structure of one of FIGS. 8 and 39-43 of the attached drawings.
 5. An aqueous emulsion or suspension of a solution as claimed in claim 1 of a metal complex of a chlorin having the structure of one of FIGS. 2 and 49-53 of the attached drawings.
 6. As a composition of matter, a chlorin having the structure of any of FIGS. 8, 39, 40, 42 and 53 of the attached drawings, a chlorin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 2 and 49-53 of the attached drawings, a purpurin having the structure of any of FIGS. 7 and 29-38 of the attached drawings or a purpurin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 44-48 and 54-58 of the attached drawings, wherein each of R10 through R13 and R16 is hydrogen, and each of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is:H or CHO, an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; R₃ is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the two R₃ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; A is a physiologically acceptable anion; and R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the three R₄ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ OH where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond, an amino acid moiety which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a naturally occurring amino acid and a carboxyl function of the purpurin or chlorin, CO₂ R', CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a monoclonal antibody moiety which is attached to the purpurin or chlorin moiety through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a monoclonal antibody and a CO₂ R' CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R' group of the purpurin or chlorin, and where the moiety is of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to malignant tumors, or in the purpurins and purpurin metal complexes of FIGS. 1, 7, 29-38, 44-48 and 54-58 and in the chlorins and chlorin metal complexes of FIGS. 2, 8, 39, 40, 42, 43 and 49-53 R1 can be a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin, chlorin, or metal complex, and in the purpurins, chlorins and metal complexes of FIGS. 29-33, 39, 40, and of FIGS. 42-53, both R1 and R2 can be bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atoms thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex. M comprises a metal cation that is complexed with two of the nitrogens of the purpurin or chlorin and is Ag, Al, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Ho, In, La, Lu, Mn, Mn, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sn, Tb, Tc-99m, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn or Zr, with the proviso that not more than one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is CHO, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A, an amino acid moiety or a monoclonal antibody moiety, and with the further proviso that four purpurins having the structure of FIG. 7 are excluded from the claim, namely, two where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R9 is either CHO or CO₂ CH₃, and R10 through R13 are H, and two where R1, R4, R6 and R8 are CH₃, R2 is CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ CH₃, R3 and R9 are CO₂ CH₃, R₅ is CH2CH₃, R10 through R13 are H, and R7 is either --CH₂ CH₂ NHA or --CH═CH₂.
 7. As a composition of matter, a chlorin or a chlorin metal complex as claimed in 6 wherein one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is a moiety of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to a malignant tumor.
 8. As a composition of matter, a chlorin or a chlorin metal complex as claimed in claim 6 wherein one of R1 through R9, R13 and R14 is an amino acid moiety.
 9. As a composition of matter, a purpurin having the structure of any of FIGS. 7 and 29-38 of the attached drawings, a purpurin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 44-48 and 54-58 of the attached drawings, a chlorin having the structure of any of FIGS. 8, and 39-43 of the attached drawings, or a chlorin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 2 and 49-53 of the attached drawings, wherein each of R10 through R13 and R16 is hydrogen, and each of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is:H or CHO, an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; R₃ is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the two R₃ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₂ A where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; A is a physiologically acceptable anion; and R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the three R₄ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ OH were R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond, an amino acid moiety which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a naturally occurring amino acid and a carboxyl function of the purpurin or chlorin, CO₂ R', CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a monoclonal antibody moiety which is attached to the purpurin or chlorin moiety through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a monoclonal antibody and a CO₂ R' CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R' group of the purpurin or chlorin, and wherein the moiety is of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to malignant tumors, or in the purpurins and purpurin metal complexes of FIGS. 1, 7, 29-38, 44-48 and 54-58 and in the chlorins and chlorin metal complexes of FIGS. 2, 8, 39-43 and 49-53 R1 can be a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin, chlorin, or metal complex, and in the purpurins, chlorins and metal complexes of FIGS. 29-33 and of FIGS. 39-53, both R1 and R2 can be bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex, M comprises a metal cation that is complexed with two of the nitrogens of the purpurin or chlorin and is Ag, Al, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Ho, In, La, Lu, Mn, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sn, Tb, Tc-99m, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn or Zr, with the proviso that not more than one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is CHO, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A, an amino acid moiety or a monoclonal antibody moiety, and wherein the purpurin, chlorin or complex has a structure which is enriched in an atom which can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance, said atom being present in the purpurin, chlorin or complex in a sufficient proportion to enable the use of nuclear magnetic resonance testing to detect small quantities of the purpurin, chlorin or complex.
 10. A new composition of matter as claimed in claim 9 wherein the structure is enriched in an atom which can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance to such an extent that the atom can be so detected, in the proportion in which it is present, after a physiologically acceptable dose of the purpurin, chlorin or complex has been administered systemically to a human or animal patient.
 11. A new composition of matter as claimed in claim 10 wherein the structure is enriched in C-13 to such an extent that C-13 therein can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance after a physiologically acceptable dose of the purpurin, chlorin or complex has been administered systemically to a human or animal patient.
 12. A new composition of matter as claimed in claim 10 wherein the structure is enriched in N-14 to such an extent that N-14 therein can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance after a physiologically acceptable dose of the purpurin, chlorin or complex has been administered systemically to a human or animal patient.
 13. As a composition of matter, a purpurin having the structure of any of FIGS. 7 and 29-38 of the attached drawings, a purpurin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 44-48 and 54-58 of the attached drawings, a chlorin having the structure of any of FIGS. 8, and 39-43 of the attached drawings, or a chlorin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 2 and 49-53 of the attached drawings, wherein each of R10 through R13 and R16 is hydrogen, and each of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is:H or CHO, an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; R₃ is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the two R₃ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; A is a physiologically acceptable anion; and R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the three R₄ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ OH were R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond, an amino acid moiety which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a naturally occurring amino acid and a carboxyl function of the purpurin or chlorin, CO₂ R', Ch₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a monoclonal antibody moiety which is attached to the purpurin or chlorin moiety through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a monoclonal antibody and a CO₂ R' CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R' group of the purpurin or chlorin and wherein the moiety is of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to malignant tumors, or in the purpurins and purpurin metal complexes of FIGS. 1, 7, 29-38, 44-48 and 54-58 and in the chlorins and chlorin metal complexes of FIGS. 2, 8, 39-43 and 49-53 R1 can be a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin, chlorin, or metal complex, and in the purpurins, chlorins and metal complexes of FIGS. 29-33 and of FIGS. 38-53, both R1 and R2 can be bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex, M comprises a metal cation that is complexed with two of the nitrogens of the purpurin or chlorin and is Ag, Al, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Ho, In, La, Lu, Mn, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sn, Tb, Tc-99m, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn or Zr, with the proviso that not more than one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is CHO, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A, an amino acid moiety or a monoclonal antibody moiety, and wherein the purpurin, chlorin or complex has a structure which is enriched in an atom which emits ionizing radiation, said atom being present in the purpurin, chlorin or complex in a sufficient proportion to enable the use of an instrument which detects the presence of ionizing radiation to detect small quantities of the purpurin, chlorin or complex.
 14. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 13 wherein the structure is enriched in an atom which emits ionizing radiation to such an extent that radiation therefrom can be detected after a physiologically acceptable dose of the purpurin, chlorin or complex has been administered systemically to a human or animal patient.
 15. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 13 wherein the structure is enriched in C-14 to such an extent that C-14 therein can be detected by an instrument which detects the presence of ionizing radiation after a physiologically acceptable dose of the purpurin, chlorin or complex has been administered systemically to a human or animal patient.
 16. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 13 wherein the structure is enriched in Tc-99m to such an extent that Tc-99m therein can be detected by an instrument which detects the presence of ionizing radiation after a physiologically acceptable dose of the purpurin, chlorin or complex has been administered systemically to a human or animal patient.
 17. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 13 wherein the structure is enriched in I-131 to such an extent that I-131 therein can be detected by an instrument which detects the presence of ionizing radiation after a physiologically acceptable dose of the purpurin, chlorin or complex has been administered systemically, to a human or animal patient.
 18. As a composition of matter, a purpurin having the structure of any of FIGS. 7, 29, 30, and 32-38 of the attached drawings or a purpurin metal complex having the structure of any of FIGS. 1, 44-48 and 54-58 of the attached drawings, wherein each of R10 through R13 and R16 is hydrogen, and each of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is:H or CHO, an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂ where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; R₃ is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the two R₃ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A where R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond; A is a physiologically acceptable anion; and R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the three R₄ groups can be the same or different, a group having the formula R₂ OH were R₂ is a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein any carbon to carbon bond is either a single or a double bond, and not more than one is a double bond, an amino acid moiety which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a naturally occurring amino acid and a carboxyl function of the purpurin or chlorin, CO₂ R', CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a monoclonal antibody moiety which is attached to the purpurin or chlorin moiety through a carbonyl which is a part of an amide produced by reaction between an amine function of a monoclonal antibody and a CO₂ R' CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R' group of the purpurin or chlorin, and wherein the moiety is of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to malignant tumors, or in the purpurins and purpurin metal complexes of FIGS. 1, 7, 29, 30, 32-35, 37, 38, 44-48 and 54-58 R1 can be a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex, and in the purpurins and purpurin metal complexes of FIGS. 29, 30, 32-35, 37, 38 and of FIGS. 44-48, both R1 and R2 can be bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein both of the valences of the radical are attached to the same carbon atom thereof and to a carbon atom of the purpurin or metal complex, M comprises a metal cation that is complexed with two of the nitrogens of the purpurin or chlorin and is Ag, Al, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Ho, In, La, Lu, Mn, Mo. Nd, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sn, Tb, Tc-99m, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn or Zr, with the proviso that not more than one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is CHO, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₃)₂, a group having the formula R₂ N(R₄)₃ A, an amino acid moiety or a monoclonal antibody moiety, and with the further proviso that four purpurins having the structure of FIG. 7 are excluded from the claim, namely, two where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R9 is either CHOOR CO₂ CH₃, and R10 through R13 are H, and two where R1, R4, R6 and R8 are CH₃, R2 is CH2CH₂ CO₂ CH₃, R3 and R9 are CO₂ CH₃, R6 is CH2CH₃, R10 through R13 are H, and R7 is either --CH₂ CH₂ NHAc or --CH═CH₂.
 19. As a composition of matter, a purpurin or a purpurin metal complex as claimed in 18 wherein one of R1 through R9, R14 and R15 is a moiety of a monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to a malignant tumor.
 20. As a composition of matter, a purpurin or a purpurin metal complex as claimed in claim 18 wherein one of R1 through R9, R13 and R14 is an amino acid moiety.
 21. A composition consisting essentially of a solution in a solvent of a chlorin having the structure of FIG. 8, a chlorin metal complex having the structure of FIG. 2, a purpurin having the structure of FIG. 7, or a purpurin metal complex having the structure of FIG. 1 of the attached drawings, wherein each of R10 through R12 and R13 is hydrogen, each of R1 through R8 is an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R9 is CO₂ R', CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and M comprises a metal cation that is complexed with two of the nitrogens of the purpurin or chlorin and is Sn or Zn, and wherein the solution is one which is physiologically acceptable and of a suitable concentration or dilutable to a suitable concentration for intravenous administration.
 22. As a composition of matter, a chlorin having the structure of FIG. 8, a chlorin metal complex having the structure of FIG. 2, a purpurin having the structure of FIG. 7, or a purpurin metal complex having the structure of FIG. 1 of the attached drawings, wherein each of R10 through R12 and R13 is hydrogen, each of R1 through R8 is an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R9 is CO₄ R', CH₂ CO₂ R' or CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ R', where R' is hydrogen or an alkyl group other than t-butyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and M comprises a metal cation that is complexed with two of the nitrogens of the purpurin or chlorin and is Sn or Zn, with the proviso that a purpurin having the structure of FIG. 7 is excluded from the claim, namely, one where R1 through R8 are ethyl, R 9 is CO₂ CH₃ , and R10 through R13 are H.
 23. A purpurin as claimed in claim 9 which has the structure of FIG. 1 of the attached drawings where each of R1, R3, R5 and R7 is methyl, each of R2, R4, R6 and R8 is ethyl, R9 is CH₃ CH₂ O₂ C--, and each of R10, R1, R12 and R13 is H. 